This information is useful, but not exhaustive. The NCES EDGE school and agency location files and the NCES Common Core of Data (CCD) provides a limited set of geographic associations based on the location of the district administrative office. As a result, school districts may have multiple spatial associations with other types of geographic areas e.g., a school district boundary may include territory in two different counties, or intersect three different Congressional Districts. These boundaries may or may not be consistent with boundaries for other types of legal and statistical areas like counties, Congressional Districts, or Census tracts. are independent local governments that have authority to determine their geographic boundaries.
See the GIS StackExchange for some leads on where to download data.School District Geographic Relationship Files
The file that I am using exists today but the method should work for other files. Since the zipcode package has disappeared, this shows how to add lat-lon information from a downloaded data set. If you need to keep the rows in the same order, you can just set the rownames on the zipcode data and use that to select the desired rows and columns. You can get the data from the zipcode package and just do a merge to look things up. The zipcode package seems to have disappeared, so this answer has been updated to show how to add lat-lon from an external file. Another package (zipcodeR) has been added that makes this easier.
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